Add the VertAdv module to Omega, providing data structures and methods for vertical advection. This module includes:

• Arrays for storing vertical velocity and tracer fluxes at layer interfaces.
• A method to compute the vertical velocity from the divergence of the horizontal velocity.
• Methods for computing the tendencies of thickness, horizontal velocity, and tracers due to vertical advection. The tracer tendency methods include multiple options for order of accuracy of the flux calculation, as well as algorithmic options for standard advection or flux-corrected transport (FCT).

Additional changes in this PR:

• Extend parallelForOuter with an optional argument to enable the use of scratch arrays in hierarchical parallelism.
• Add the auxiliary variable ProvThickness, which represents thickness after horizontal thickness flux. Further work required to fully implement provisional thickness.
• Remove BottomDepth from HorzMesh, this field was previously added to VertCoord.

This PR builds and passes the unit tests successfully on Chrysalis, pm-cpu, pm-gpu, and Frontier (CPU & GPU).

Checklist

• Documentation:
  • Design document has been generated and added to the docs
  • User's Guide has been updated
  • Developer's Guide has been updated
  • Documentation has been built locally and changes look as expected
• Linting
  • Pre-commit run locally
• Building
  • CMake build does not produce any new warnings from changes in this PR
• Testing
  • Add a comment to the PR titled Testing with the following:
    • Which machines CTest unit tests
      have been run on and indicate that are all passing.
    • The Polaris omega_pr test suite
      has passed, using the Polaris e3sm_submodules/Omega baseline
    • Document machine(s), compiler(s), and the build path(s) used for -p for both the baseline (Polaris e3sm_submodules/Omega) and the PR build
    • Indicate "All tests passed" or document failing tests
    • Document testing used to verify the changes including any tests that are added/modified/impacted.
  • New tests:
    • CTest unit tests for new features have been added per the approved design.
    • Polaris tests for new features have been added per the approved design (and included in a test suite)